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Lots of other Scientologist-run businesses and organizations come from the umbrella company World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which licenses using Hubbard's management teachings, and circulates directory sites of WISE-affiliated organizations. WISE requires those who want to end up being Hubbard management consults to finish training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be undertaken at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the schools of the Hubbard College of Administration, which uses an Associate of Applied Science Degree.
This section requires expansion. You can help by adding to it. In order to help with the continued growth of Scientology, the Church has made efforts to win allies in the form of effective or reputable individuals. Perth Scientology. Though it has attained some reliability as a religion in many countries, Scientology has actually also been explained as both a cult and a company.
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For example, it has actually been noted to participate in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by identifying as Fair Video game individuals it views as its enemies. In 1979, numerous Scientology members were convicted for their involvement in the church's Operation Snow White, the biggest theft of government files in U.S.
Scientologists were likewise founded guilty of scams, manslaughter and tampering with witnesses in French cases, harmful libel versus lawyer Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Religious beliefs in America, religious scholar Jacob Neusner mentions that Scientology's "high level of exposure" might be viewed as "threatening to established social organizations".
From 1952 until 1966, Scientology was administered by a company called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS ACTUALLY), established in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS ended up being the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was integrated in California on February 18, 1954, altering its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the Internal Revenue Service stripped all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, stating Scientology's activities were commercial and operated for the benefit of Hubbard. Controversy followed the church on those years, but its development continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology remained in 52 countries by the time the 80s was available in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church sued and lost repeatedly for 26 years trying to restore its tax-exempt status. The case was ultimately settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than IRS had initially demandedand why not try here the Internal Revenue Service acknowledged the church as a tax-exempt not-for-profit company.
Scientology mentions its tax exemption as proof the United States federal government accepts it as a faith. In January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was ranked as number 9 in products for the inbound Barack Obama administration to examine, as determined in a web survey run by the presidential shift group getting public input for the incoming administration.
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Ron Hubbard appointed Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of particular elements of legal defense for the CoS in 1968 and the Workplace of The Guardian was developed with its head office situated at Saint Hill Manor - Scientology. Under The Guardian's Workplace (later on renamed the Office of Special Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted staff from Bureau One Visit Your URL later organized and dedicated one of the largest penetration of United States federal companies ever perpetrated by an organization not affiliated with a foreign government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution explained their actions as such: The criminal activity dedicated by these accuseds is of a breadth and scope previously unheard of. No building, workplace, desk, or file was safe from their sleuthing and spying. No person or company was free from their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has also in the past made usage of aggressive methods in resolving those it sees as trying to reduce them, called Suppressive Persons (SPs) first detailed by Hubbard as part of a policy called fair video game. Scientology. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having authored, a 1970 expos book about the Church and its creator.
Utilizing blank paper known to have actually been dealt with by Cooper, Scientologists created bomb risks in her name. When finger prints on them matched hers, the you could check here Justice Department started prosecution, which might have sent out Cooper to prison for a lengthy term. The Church's plan was found at the same time as its Operation Snow White actions were exposed.